Diabetes

Diabetes can take two different forms, type 2, and type 1. They are both forms of diabetes, a condition that affects how your body processes blood sugar (glucose), but they differ in several keyways.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks and destroys insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas. Typically, young adults or children are diagnosed but it can occur at any age.

The body produces little to no insulin necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.

Symptoms can develop quickly and may include increased thirst, frequent urination, extreme hunger, fatigue, and blurry vision. If left unmanaged, diabetes can lead to serious complications such as heart disease, kidney damage, nerve damage (neuropathy), foot problems, eye damage (retinopathy) and increased risk of infections.

It requires insulin therapy, regular blood sugar monitoring, and a careful diet.

Type 2 diabetes is often related to lifestyle factors and genetics, it involves insulin resistance, where the body doesn't use insulin efficiently. It is more commonly diagnosed in adults but increasingly seen in children and adolescents due to rising obesity rates.

Many children are less physically active due to increased screen time (video games, television and computers) and there is a general decline in outdoor play and exercise.

Consuming a diet high in refined carbohydrates, sugars and unhealthy fats can lead to weight gain and blood sugar issues. A sedentary lifestyle also contributes to weight gain and insulin resistance.

Family history of type 2 diabetes can increase a child’s risk, especially if combined with obesity and other risk factors such as increased stress and mental health issues which can affect your eating habits and physical activity.

Limited access to healthy foods and opportunities to physical activity are leading to poor diet habits and inactivity, especially in lower income families.

In type 2 diabetes the pancreas still produces insulin, but not enough to maintain normal glucose levels, or the body is not responsive to it.

Symptoms can develop gradually they may include increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue, but can sometimes be less noticeable. Conditions such as metabolic syndrome, characterised by high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and large waist circumference, can raise the risk. Sleep apnoea and poor-quality sleep can contribute to insulin resistance, also smoking is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.

This can often be managed with lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise.

For someone with type 2 diabetes dietary choices are crucial in managing blood sugar levels and overall health.

It is recommended to opt for whole grains like brown rice, quinoa and whole wheat bread and legumes that digest slowly instead of refined grains. It is better to aim for a variety of colourful fruits and vegetables, which are rich in nutrients and fibre. Carbohydrate portions should be monitored as they affect blood sugar levels and create spikes within your bloodstream. Increasing fibre and consuming more of these high fibre foods help to control blood sugar levels and promote satiety.

It is good to include sources of healthy fats such as avocados, nuts, seeds and olive oil, while limiting saturated fats found in processed foods and red meats. Choose lean protein sources such as chicken, turkey, fish, tofu and legumes instead. It is important to reduce the intake of foods and drinks high in added sugars, such as sugary beverages, freshly prepared juices, smoothies, candies and desserts. Be mindful of portion sizes to help manage calorie intake and blood sugar levels. Drink plenty of water and herbal teas, infusions are also good options.

Meal planning can help to make healthier choices and avoid impulsive eating. Preparing meals at home allows better control over ingredients. Eating at regular intervals can help maintain steady blood sugar levels, avoid skipping meals to prevent blood sugar spikes or dips. Reduce consumption of high sodium foods to help manage hypertension and overall health. Opting for fresh or minimally processed foods and working with a registered dietitian can provide personalised guidance tailored to your specific health needs preferences and goals.

Understanding diabetes and its implications is crucial for effective management and provision strategies. Regular medical check-ups and following a healthcare providers recommendation can help individuals with diabetes lead healthy lives.